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During the past ten years or so, major progress in the understanding of mycobacterial pathogenesis has been facilitated by sequencing of the genome of M. tuberculosis, and development of tools for gene deletion, and for exchange of genes between mycobacteria. Gene knockout technology has generated important insights into the mechanisms of the adaptive immune response of the host, and the central role of the innate immune system in modulating the response2. Through the NIH testing programme, more than 250 TB vaccine candidates have been screened for their ability to protect against M tuberculosis infection in mice and guinea pigs. Examples of some important categories of vaccines include submits 114 ; , DNA 43 ; , recombinants 29 ; , fusion 27 ; , mutants 25 ; , adjuvants 7 ; , BCG sub-strains 10 ; , and saprophytes 5 ; 3. A few of the successful candidates identified in the experimental models are now ready for clinical testing. Although, a few truly novel compounds to treat TB have been introduced into clinical practice in the past 30 years, some promising work has been done on long-acting rifamycins e.g., Rifapentine, Rifabutin, Rifalazil fluroquinolone compounds e.g., levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin oxazolidinone compounds; and nitroimidazopyrans. These drug classes might provide the best means for rapidly improving TB treatment4. So what does it take to successfully translate a potential basic research finding to clinical application? Translational research involves many constituents in research pipeline. Basic science researchers, clinicians and patients are of course the key players. Co-operation of knowledge managers, public health specialists, epidemiologists, market sociologists, risk analysts, venture capitalists, fund raisers, etc. are equally important. Medical journals are publishing articles stressing the philosophy and practice of translational research. Are we preparing our researchers of today and of tomorrow to think about their research in different ways? Are we preparing our future researchers in nuances of translational research? A new culture of cooperation is necessary to make the transfer from research to practice more successful. Research is necessary to achieve understanding but cannot, by itself, put new knowledge to useful applications. The bridge between the worlds of research and practice is difficult to build, but necessary to assure that research has meaningful and specific end points and is designed to prove its effectiveness. Translational research takes fundamental observations and applies them to people, providing an opportunity for integrating theory, research and practice. The immense opportunities and benefits require that we rethink our strategies, construct the bridge, and also locate people with commitment and understanding to travel it. Translational research is poised to expand very rapidly, especially with the information explosion triggered by genome programmes. Genomics-the systematic identification of all of the genes in a cell through DNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis-also offers great potential in terms of drug target discovery and development of new antibacterial agents, and the recently sequenced genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis should provide a number of new targets for novel drugs. The objective should be to speed up translation of discoveries arising from structural genomics, post-genome technologies, gene function, gene-environment interactions into a model of delivery that would benefit human health. Tuberculosis research in India is supported by multiple funding agencies. At times, one agency is.

As indicated in Table IV, during this study four cases of unsuspected histoplasmosis were diagnosed. M. tuberculosis was not cultured from any one of these patients. Cryptococcus neoformans and Geotrichum candidum were coexistent with M. tuberculosis in one patient each. These findings suggest the advisability of frequent sputum cultures for fungi in a tuberculosis hospital. Mankiewicz3 studied the possible effect of Candida albicans on the growth of M. tuberculosis since the two organisms were frequently isolated from the same sputum. At this hospital the patient's response to therapy in cases of dual infection with Candida albicans and Mycobacterium tuberculosis is being investigated.

Table 9. Concentrations of Some Tentatively Identified Constituents of a Normal Human Blood Serum as Determined by the UV-Analyzer and doral. 492 08-01-07, dok i'm right, your stupid join date: jan 2004 location: louisiana 2, 675 supreme commander throw down uef t2 bomber perfect for taking out clumps of t2 pd's and engineers.

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